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Thursday, April 4, 2013

The Great British class calculator

The BBC's Great British Class Survey has suggested there are seven identifiable social groupings in the UK. It's not easy to see where you fit into the class structure, writes Tom Heyden.

I'm 25. I'm a graduate. I'm a London suburbanite. Next week I'll be unemployed. And I have no savings. So what class am I?

It's often said that the British have a unique obsession with class. Popular culture is riddled with references to it. Foreign visitors struggle to comprehend the complexities of British hierarchy.

It should be an easy question - am I middle-class?

I visit museums. I go to the theatre. I watch the Danish TV drama Borgen - partly because it's good, and at least a little so I can congratulate myself for watching a show with subtitles.

I'm from a boring, comfortable London suburb. I went to university. And I love "travelling", which I understand to be oh so different from a mere holiday.

But what is class today? An attitude? An accent? Is it what you buy, or what you can buy? Your background or your present?

In the largest ever study of class in the UK, sociologists behind the Great British Class Survey (GBCS) have attempted to develop a more accurate picture of contemporary British society.

Rather than the traditional upper, middle and working-class model, they've suggested seven distinct classes.

There are familiar groups like the "Elite", "Established middle class", and "Traditional working class". But there are also new ones: the "Technical middle class", "Emergent service workers", "New affluent workers" and the "Precariat".

It's a far cry from the declaration in 1997 by John Prescott, then Labour's deputy leader, that "we're all middle-class now".

Prof Mike Savage, lead sociologist behind the survey, says: "By the 90s, there was a feeling that class labels were no longer important, we were no longer obsessed by class.

But the social and economic inequalities highlighted by the financial crisis have reinvigorated British people's obsession with class, says Prof Savage.

Despite the myriad of subtle nuances, class has historically been defined by occupation as much as anything else. A builder was working-class, a teacher middle-class and the upper class waited for their inheritance.

But a key part of the two-year survey has been exploring class in broader terms, with researchers incorporating "social capital" and "cultural capital".

The concepts were developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The idea is that social networks or cultural activities - whom people know and what they do - contribute to their class and prospects at least as much as income.

"Class used to be about how much you earned, how you earned your money on a Monday to Friday. Now it's about how you spend your money at the weekend," says Harry Wallop, author of Consumed: How Shopping Fed the Class System.

I took the class survey and was deemed "established middle class" - a group that scores pretty highly in each sort of capital. In other words, I'm very lucky.

But there's a disconnection between my background and my present. And not just because I shop at Tesco and my parents shop at Waitrose.

Two years ago I moved back home. My earnings are intermittent enough that I haven't moved out yet. Certainly the very fact that I can freeload like this could be seen as definitive proof of my "established middle class" background.

But property ownership - that most traditional status symbol of the middle class - is not even a distant consideration. I've saved almost nothing since university. And I'm about to be unemployed.

The current economic situation, combined with the extraordinary boom in property prices, particularly in south-east England, means that there's a whole generation of people who are likely to be worse off than their parents.

Why should a 20-something brought up in a £1m house but now unable to afford the rent on a one-bedroom flat consider themselves middle-class?

If I were to move out tomorrow and take the test again, I'd be in one of the new classes - the emergent service workers.

Emergent service workers constitute about a fifth of the population, according to the study. They're typically young and educated, but have few savings and don't own property.

Importantly, though, they still live a very socially and culturally engaged lifestyle. They tend to live in cities or student towns. They eat out for dinner. They go to the cinema, to gigs, and they play or watch sport. It's a kind of "live for today" attitude.

"There's a different attitude towards consumption, you're consuming experience. Thirty years ago you were consuming durable things," notes Prof Richard Sennett, the author of Respect: The Formation of Character in an Age of Inequality.

Another new group is the "New affluent workers". These people are typically young, financially secure and more likely to own a house - often away from major cities, although not at the expense of high social and cultural engagement.

Few have been to university and they tend to come from working-class backgrounds, without having inherited significant economic or social capital.

In contrast there's the "technical middle class", a group distinguished by economic prosperity but also characterised by relative social isolation and cultural apathy.

"There isn't a clear hierarchy like in the past," says Prof Fiona Devine, a lead sociologist behind the class survey.

"There's a stretching out horizontally with different types of middle-class groups," adds Savage.

Then the survey identified the "Precariat" - the precarious proletariat - constituting 15% of the population. They're the most deprived class economically, as well as scoring low for social and cultural capital.

I may make very little money in the future, but the expectation is that my relatively high social and cultural capital could compensate and be turned into social advantage.

Another way in which cultural capital works is in how people assess each other, says Savage. "People with cultural capital may be making negative judgements about those who don't have it."

The pejorative use of the term "chav" is one example.

And so much about class concerns perception and self-perception.

In a 2011 survey by Britainthinks, 71% said they were middle-class - and 0% said they were upper-class.

"Even proper old school toffs reluctantly grumble, 'Well, I'm not sure, am I really upper-class?' Yes, you're a duke, of course you are," says Wallop. "It's almost impossible to label yourself without fear of being judged."

I went to a private school. It wasn't the type of school with Downton Abbey accents. Many of the private school kids talked more like the crack dealers from gritty dramas.

Private school kids typically don't want to sound like private school kids. Normally I don't offer up the fact that I went to private school.

There's no straightforward link between your actual position in society and what class you think you're in, says Savage.

"Even though I'm very comfortable materially now, my mindset is still that of somebody whose family didn't have enough money to put meat on the table," says Sennett.

It's never been easier to hide your background and move classes, argues Wallop.

"Social inequality in pure income terms is very bad at the moment, the rich have got richer and the poor have got poorer, but the great majority in the middle can move around far easier than they ever did… and move into a new class purely on the base of the shops they shop at, the holidays they go on, the food they eat.

"You can still furnish yourself with a very 'middle-class' lifestyle on not a vast budget," he says.

France's President Hollande fights tax scandal

A financial scandal is threatening French President Francois Hollande, after it emerged that his former Socialist Party treasurer invested in two Cayman Islands offshore companies.

Jean-Jacques Augier, who managed Mr Hollande's campaign funds, told the daily Le Monde that there was "nothing illegal" in his tax haven affairs.

Meanwhile, ex-budget minister Jerome Cahuzac has been charged with fraud.

Ministers are under pressure to reveal what they knew about his tax evasion.

On Wednesday President Hollande addressed the scandal on national television, saying that in future all ministers and MPs would have to declare fully their personal finances.

But the media is already questioning whether that is enough, the BBC's Christian Fraser reports from Paris.

The pressure is growing for a full government reshuffle - just 10 months after Mr Hollande took office.

Mr Cahuzac admitted this week that he had hidden about 600,000 euros (£509,000; $770,000) in a Swiss bank account.

Anonymous 'hacks' North Korea social network accounts.

The hacking collective Anonymous has said it has been "hacking" and vandalising social networking profiles linked to North Korea.

The group has issued several warnings since the country's threats have intensified.

Uriminzokkiri, a news site, has been forced offline - while Twitter and Flickr accounts have been breached.

Anonymous also claimed to have accessed 15,000 usernames and passwords from a university database.

As part of action which the loosely organised collective has called "Operation Free Korea", the hackers have called for leader Kim Jong-un to step down, a democratic government to be put in place - and for North Koreans to get uncensored internet access.

Currently, only a select few in the country have access to the "internet" - which is more akin to a closed company intranet with only a select few websites that are government-run.

The country recently allowed foreigners to access mobile internet, but this service has since been shut off.

In a message posted online, members of Anonymous wrote: "To the citizens of North Korea we suggest to rise up and bring [this] oppressive government down!

"We are holding your back and your hand, while you take the journey to freedom, democracy and peace.

"You are not alone. Don't fear us, we are not terrorist, we are the good guys from the internet. AnonKorea and all the other Anons are here to set you free."

'Tango down'

Urminzokkiri's Twitter feed started displaying messages reading "hacked" at around 0700 BST. The account's avatar was changed to a picture of two people dancing, with the words "Tango down".

On Urminzokkiri's Flickr photo page, other images, including a "wanted" poster mocking Kim Jong-un, were also posted.

Anonymous has posted what it said was a sample of the hacked information.

However, some have questioned the reliability of the details as some of the email addresses were in fact Chinese.

Also unreachable on Thursday was the website of Air Koryo, the country's airline, which launched its online booking site late last year.

Like the main Urminzokkiri homepage, it is suspected the Air Koryo site has been hit with a Distributed Denial of Service attacked (DDoS) - a technique which involves flooding a website with too much traffic for it to handle.

Although a highly secretive nation, North Korea puts considerable effort in to having a strong presence online.

Various YouTube accounts attached to the regime post news items and propaganda videos on a regular basis.

Berlusconi trial: 'Ruby' Karima Mahroug at Milan court.

Dancer Karima El-Mahroug - known as "Ruby Heartstealer" - has staged a protest outside a court in Italy to deny claims she was paid for having sex with former PM Silvio Berlusconi.

"I'm not a prostitute. I've never had sex with Silvio Berlusconi," she said in a statement read outside the court.

She is upset over the Milan court's decision not to hear her testimony in the case against the former PM.

He denies paying for sex with her in 2010 when she was aged just 17.

Having sex with a female who is under 18 is a crime in Italy.

The billionaire media mogul is on trial in Milan on charges of paying for sex with an underage prostitute and abuse of power. He has admitted sending Ms Mahroug money, but insists the funds were meant as a gift for friend in need.

'Exploited'

In what the BBC's Alan Johnston in Rome described as an emotionally charged public statement on the court steps, Ms Mahroug said that she had not had a chance to tell the truth in relation to the allegations against her.

Ms Mahroug was surrounded by a media scrum outside the court
She said that instead only things that she had told investigators before the trial have been taken into account during proceedings against Mr Berlusconi.

"The press hurt me to hit Berlusconi," she said. "I realise that it is an ongoing war against [him] and I have been involved. But I don't want my life to be destroyed."

Moroccan-born Ms Mahroug complained that the judges' decision not to allow her to testify in the case amounted to "psychological violence".

Our correspondent says that in a bizarre twist she did, however, admit to pretending to be related to former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Mr Berlusconi may have believed this untrue assertion, our correspondent says, because on one occasion he is alleged to have phoned officers and urged them to release the grand-daughter of Egypt's president from detention.

Prosecutors say Ms Mahroug and Mr Berlusconi had sex on 13 occasions.

In January Ms Mahroug arrived at the trial to give testimony for the defence. Officials say she had been called twice before, but failed to show up, apparently because she was on holiday in Mexico.

Mr Berlusconi stepped down from a third term as prime minister in November 2011, when he was replaced by the technocrat Mario Monti.

His People of Freedom (PDL) party is hoping to form a centre-right coalition government with another party after it came second in inconclusive February elections.

The case is one of many that have dogged the former leader.

Both it and his appeal against a tax fraud conviction have been delayed until after the Court of Cassation in Rome decides on whether to allow them to be transferred from the northern city of Brescia to Milan.

German economic output 'at near stagnation'

Germany's economy slowed to "near stagnation" last month, while France's recorded its biggest contraction for four years, according to a closely watched survey.

The Markit composite purchasing managers' index (PMI), which measures both the manufacturing and services sectors, declined to 50.6 in Germany last month, from 53.3 in February.

Any figure above 50 indicates growth.

France's reading fell to 41.9 points, its worst since March 2009.

For the eurozone as a whole, the index fell to 46.5 from 47.9 in February.

Chris Williamson, chief economist at Markit, said the latest data painted a gloomy picture.

"The [eurozone] recession is deepening once again as businesses report that they have become increasingly worried about the region's debt crisis and political instability," he said.

"The unresolved election in Italy was commonly cited as a key factor clouding the economic outlook in March, and the botched bail-out of Cyprus could well filter through to a further worsening of business sentiment across the region in April."

Mr Williamson added that the weak showing from Germany "suggests that the only source of bright light in an otherwise gloomy region has once again begun to fade".

Germany's index reading was the worst in the country for three months.

Aryan Brotherhood of Texas: How did neo-Nazi prison gangs become so powerful?

Three US justice officials who tackled white supremacist prison gangs have been killed. Originally formed to fight other gangs, these groups are now accused of a range of criminal activities on the outside, from drug smuggling and kidnapping to murder. How did neo-Nazi prisoners set up huge criminal networks?

With skinhead haircuts and swastika tattoos, their leaders are buried deep within the brutal confines of America's penitentiaries.

But three murders in less than three months have shone a spotlight on far-right prison gangs, whose empire of drug-dealing, racketeering and murder extends well beyond the walls and barbed wire around them.

The bodies of Kaufman County, Texas, district attorney Mike McLelland, 63, and his wife Cynthia, 65, were found on Saturday.

McLelland's deputy, Mark Hasse, was killed in January, on the same day it was announced that their office was pursuing a racketeering case against the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT), a white supremacist group formed in Texan jails.

Police are investigating whether their deaths were linked with the killing of Tom Clements, Colorado's head of prisons.

The chief suspect in that case, ex-convict Evan Ebel, is said to have belonged to the 211 Crew, another violent racist prison gang. Official documents state his body was covered with Nazi-themed tattoos. Ebel died in a shoot-out two days after Clements.

While the killings remain unsolved, they have focused attention on the increasingly dangerous white supremacist networks formed in prison.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which monitors hate in the US, describes the ABT as "the most violent extremist group in the United States". It says the gang, thought to have around 2,000 members, has committed "at least" 29 murders in the US between 2000-12.

Its primary objective has moved beyond conducting turf wars inside jails or propagating racist ideology, however, into running a ruthless Mafia-style organised crime network.

An FBI indictment in November 2012 charged 34 ABT members with three murders, several attempted murders, assault, kidnapping and conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine and cocaine. According to court papers, the ABT has a tightly organisational structure composed of five regions, each run by a "general."

"If you look at domestic extremist groups in the US, they are responsible for more homicides than anyone else, although most are crime-related, to do with insubordination or revenge or against those who owe them money," says Brian Levin, director of California State University's Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism.

Of the confirmed ABT murders from 2000-12, the ADL estimates that 41% were "internal killings".

The US's original neo-Nazi prison gang, known simply as the Aryan Brotherhood, emerged in California's San Quentin State Prison during the late 1960s.

Desegregation of American jails meant inmates from different races were integrated for the first time, and simmering tensions between them saw prisoners group together along ethnic lines in cliques such as the Black Guerrilla Family or the Mexican Mafia.

Initially, their primary purpose was to offer protection from attack.

"Prisons are hostile environments," says former Texas prison warder and gang expert Terry Pelz. "We lock up a lot of people and we have a lot of racial hostility within prison. That's why these gangs form."

Quickly, however, the Brotherhood branched out into smuggling contraband into jails, which gave it a foothold in the lucrative drug trade.

Although its constitution demands that members must be "genetically of European ancestry" and believe in "the racial purity of the white race", its leaders have proved pragmatic in their dealings with non-white outsiders.

"They are a criminal syndicate first and the ideology comes second," says Levin. "They will work with other criminal syndicates even if they belong to ethnicities they dislike - it even says so in their constitution."

Today the Southern Poverty Law Center estimates that the California-led Aryan Brotherhood has some 20,000 members both in and out of custody.

The ABT was formed after Texas desegregated its jails in 1979, when Texan prisoners independently adopted the same markers and structures as the Brotherhood.

It applied to join the wider organisation, but according to TJ Leyden, a former skinhead turned anti-racism campaigner, "the only way to join was to be brought in by a made member, and there were no made members in Texas", so it remains unaffiliated and autonomous.

Greater emphasis was placed by the ABT on signing up members on the outside who could assist with smuggling or drug deals - a practice frowned upon by the mainline Brotherhood, which considered such recruits more likely to accept plea bargains to avoid jail.

What both factions had in common, however, was a steady intake of new inmates who turned to them for protection from the vicious brutality of life in the US prison system.

According to Leyden, the Nazi iconography functions as a means of ensuring these recruits stay loyal, even after they are released, as the groups' codes insist that membership can only be revoked by death.

"They need the swastika, they need the SS bolts, they need these symbols as a form of control," he says.

"If you have that stuff on your body you are not going into a black cell. And when you get out, employers will see the tattoos and say, 'I'm not giving you a shot.' Staying on the street is short-lived for most of them."

Leyden suggests such gangs may have been welcomed by prison guards because they assumed much of the task of policing inmates for them.

If the ABT were responsible for any of the recent killings of justice officials, it would represent a dramatic change in orientation.

Previously the group had been careful to avoid confrontation with the authorities, and some of those who followed their rise have expressed scepticism about whether they are behind the murders.

"If they are involved in this, it's a major step for them," says James W Marquart, a University of Texas criminologist.

"Typically, they are not involved in this sort of high-stakes activity. They like to keep it on the down-low as much as possible."

Alternatively, it may be that the killings are a desperate acknowledgement that the legal proceedings against them posed a serious threat to the ABT's existence.

Few would doubt, however, that groups like this still have the potential to demonstrate to the outside world their potential for sheer barbaric savagery - a capacity that has long been all too familiar to those on the inside.

North Korea 'moves mid-range missile'

North Korea has shifted a missile with "considerable range" to its east coast, South Korea's foreign minister says.

Kim Kwan-jin played down concerns that the missile could target the US mainland, and said the North's intentions were not yet clear.

Pyongyang earlier renewed threats of a nuclear strike against the US, though its missiles are not believed to be capable of carrying nuclear warheads.

The US is responding to North Korea by moving missile defence shields to Guam.

The Pentagon said the shield on its Pacific island territory would be ready within weeks, adding to warships already sent to the area.

The North has previously named Guam among a list of possible targets for attack that included Hawaii and the US mainland.

Japanese and South Korea reports had suggested the missile being moved by the North was a long-range one with a capability of hitting the US west coast.

However, experts believe the North's most powerful rocket, which it test-fired last December, has a range of 6,000km (3,700 miles) and can reach no further that Alaska.

Kim Kwan-jin told MPs in a parliamentary defence committee meeting that the missile had "considerable range".

"The missile does not seem to be aimed at the US mainland. It could be aimed at test firing or military drills," he said.

Analysts have interpreted Mr Kim's description as referring to the Musudan missile, estimated to have a range up to 4,000km. Guam would be within that range.

The North is believed to have its main military research centres in the east.

It has test-fired missiles from there before, and its three nuclear-weapons tests were carried out in the east.

Despite its belligerent rhetoric, North Korea has not taken direct military action since 2010, when it shelled a South Korean island and killed four people.

But in recent weeks it has threatened nuclear strikes and attacks on specific targets in the US and South Korea.

It has announced a formal declaration of war on the South, and pledged to reopen a mothballed nuclear reactor in defiance of UN Security Council resolutions.

In its latest statement, attributed to a military spokesman, the North appeared to refer to ongoing military exercises between the US and South Korea in which the US has flown nuclear-capable bombers over the South.

The statement said the "ever-escalating US hostile policy towards the DPRK [North Korea] and its reckless nuclear threat will be smashed".

It promised to use "cutting-edge smaller, lighter and diversified nuclear strike means of the DPRK" and said the "merciless operation of its revolutionary armed forces in this regard has been finally examined and ratified".

The US Department of Defense said on Wednesday it would deploy the ballistic Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (Thaad) to Guam in the coming weeks.

The Thaad system includes a truck-mounted launcher and interceptor missiles.

US officials recently also announced that the USS John McCain, a destroyer capable of intercepting missiles, had been positioned off the Korean peninsula.

Some analysts say Pyongyang's angry statements are of more concern than usual because it is unclear exactly what the North hopes to achieve.

As well as the rhetoric, Pyongyang has also taken action to deepen antipathy with the South.

It has shut down an emergency telephone line and stopped giving access to South Koreans who work at the joint industrial zone in Kaesong in the North.

The Kaesong complex is staffed mainly by North Koreans but funded and managed by South Korean firms.

Pyongyang blocked access for a second day on Thursday, and threatened to shut down the zone.