Translate

Thursday, April 4, 2013

The Great British class calculator

The BBC's Great British Class Survey has suggested there are seven identifiable social groupings in the UK. It's not easy to see where you fit into the class structure, writes Tom Heyden.

I'm 25. I'm a graduate. I'm a London suburbanite. Next week I'll be unemployed. And I have no savings. So what class am I?

It's often said that the British have a unique obsession with class. Popular culture is riddled with references to it. Foreign visitors struggle to comprehend the complexities of British hierarchy.

It should be an easy question - am I middle-class?

I visit museums. I go to the theatre. I watch the Danish TV drama Borgen - partly because it's good, and at least a little so I can congratulate myself for watching a show with subtitles.

I'm from a boring, comfortable London suburb. I went to university. And I love "travelling", which I understand to be oh so different from a mere holiday.

But what is class today? An attitude? An accent? Is it what you buy, or what you can buy? Your background or your present?

In the largest ever study of class in the UK, sociologists behind the Great British Class Survey (GBCS) have attempted to develop a more accurate picture of contemporary British society.

Rather than the traditional upper, middle and working-class model, they've suggested seven distinct classes.

There are familiar groups like the "Elite", "Established middle class", and "Traditional working class". But there are also new ones: the "Technical middle class", "Emergent service workers", "New affluent workers" and the "Precariat".

It's a far cry from the declaration in 1997 by John Prescott, then Labour's deputy leader, that "we're all middle-class now".

Prof Mike Savage, lead sociologist behind the survey, says: "By the 90s, there was a feeling that class labels were no longer important, we were no longer obsessed by class.

But the social and economic inequalities highlighted by the financial crisis have reinvigorated British people's obsession with class, says Prof Savage.

Despite the myriad of subtle nuances, class has historically been defined by occupation as much as anything else. A builder was working-class, a teacher middle-class and the upper class waited for their inheritance.

But a key part of the two-year survey has been exploring class in broader terms, with researchers incorporating "social capital" and "cultural capital".

The concepts were developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The idea is that social networks or cultural activities - whom people know and what they do - contribute to their class and prospects at least as much as income.

"Class used to be about how much you earned, how you earned your money on a Monday to Friday. Now it's about how you spend your money at the weekend," says Harry Wallop, author of Consumed: How Shopping Fed the Class System.

I took the class survey and was deemed "established middle class" - a group that scores pretty highly in each sort of capital. In other words, I'm very lucky.

But there's a disconnection between my background and my present. And not just because I shop at Tesco and my parents shop at Waitrose.

Two years ago I moved back home. My earnings are intermittent enough that I haven't moved out yet. Certainly the very fact that I can freeload like this could be seen as definitive proof of my "established middle class" background.

But property ownership - that most traditional status symbol of the middle class - is not even a distant consideration. I've saved almost nothing since university. And I'm about to be unemployed.

The current economic situation, combined with the extraordinary boom in property prices, particularly in south-east England, means that there's a whole generation of people who are likely to be worse off than their parents.

Why should a 20-something brought up in a £1m house but now unable to afford the rent on a one-bedroom flat consider themselves middle-class?

If I were to move out tomorrow and take the test again, I'd be in one of the new classes - the emergent service workers.

Emergent service workers constitute about a fifth of the population, according to the study. They're typically young and educated, but have few savings and don't own property.

Importantly, though, they still live a very socially and culturally engaged lifestyle. They tend to live in cities or student towns. They eat out for dinner. They go to the cinema, to gigs, and they play or watch sport. It's a kind of "live for today" attitude.

"There's a different attitude towards consumption, you're consuming experience. Thirty years ago you were consuming durable things," notes Prof Richard Sennett, the author of Respect: The Formation of Character in an Age of Inequality.

Another new group is the "New affluent workers". These people are typically young, financially secure and more likely to own a house - often away from major cities, although not at the expense of high social and cultural engagement.

Few have been to university and they tend to come from working-class backgrounds, without having inherited significant economic or social capital.

In contrast there's the "technical middle class", a group distinguished by economic prosperity but also characterised by relative social isolation and cultural apathy.

"There isn't a clear hierarchy like in the past," says Prof Fiona Devine, a lead sociologist behind the class survey.

"There's a stretching out horizontally with different types of middle-class groups," adds Savage.

Then the survey identified the "Precariat" - the precarious proletariat - constituting 15% of the population. They're the most deprived class economically, as well as scoring low for social and cultural capital.

I may make very little money in the future, but the expectation is that my relatively high social and cultural capital could compensate and be turned into social advantage.

Another way in which cultural capital works is in how people assess each other, says Savage. "People with cultural capital may be making negative judgements about those who don't have it."

The pejorative use of the term "chav" is one example.

And so much about class concerns perception and self-perception.

In a 2011 survey by Britainthinks, 71% said they were middle-class - and 0% said they were upper-class.

"Even proper old school toffs reluctantly grumble, 'Well, I'm not sure, am I really upper-class?' Yes, you're a duke, of course you are," says Wallop. "It's almost impossible to label yourself without fear of being judged."

I went to a private school. It wasn't the type of school with Downton Abbey accents. Many of the private school kids talked more like the crack dealers from gritty dramas.

Private school kids typically don't want to sound like private school kids. Normally I don't offer up the fact that I went to private school.

There's no straightforward link between your actual position in society and what class you think you're in, says Savage.

"Even though I'm very comfortable materially now, my mindset is still that of somebody whose family didn't have enough money to put meat on the table," says Sennett.

It's never been easier to hide your background and move classes, argues Wallop.

"Social inequality in pure income terms is very bad at the moment, the rich have got richer and the poor have got poorer, but the great majority in the middle can move around far easier than they ever did… and move into a new class purely on the base of the shops they shop at, the holidays they go on, the food they eat.

"You can still furnish yourself with a very 'middle-class' lifestyle on not a vast budget," he says.

France's President Hollande fights tax scandal

A financial scandal is threatening French President Francois Hollande, after it emerged that his former Socialist Party treasurer invested in two Cayman Islands offshore companies.

Jean-Jacques Augier, who managed Mr Hollande's campaign funds, told the daily Le Monde that there was "nothing illegal" in his tax haven affairs.

Meanwhile, ex-budget minister Jerome Cahuzac has been charged with fraud.

Ministers are under pressure to reveal what they knew about his tax evasion.

On Wednesday President Hollande addressed the scandal on national television, saying that in future all ministers and MPs would have to declare fully their personal finances.

But the media is already questioning whether that is enough, the BBC's Christian Fraser reports from Paris.

The pressure is growing for a full government reshuffle - just 10 months after Mr Hollande took office.

Mr Cahuzac admitted this week that he had hidden about 600,000 euros (£509,000; $770,000) in a Swiss bank account.

Anonymous 'hacks' North Korea social network accounts.

The hacking collective Anonymous has said it has been "hacking" and vandalising social networking profiles linked to North Korea.

The group has issued several warnings since the country's threats have intensified.

Uriminzokkiri, a news site, has been forced offline - while Twitter and Flickr accounts have been breached.

Anonymous also claimed to have accessed 15,000 usernames and passwords from a university database.

As part of action which the loosely organised collective has called "Operation Free Korea", the hackers have called for leader Kim Jong-un to step down, a democratic government to be put in place - and for North Koreans to get uncensored internet access.

Currently, only a select few in the country have access to the "internet" - which is more akin to a closed company intranet with only a select few websites that are government-run.

The country recently allowed foreigners to access mobile internet, but this service has since been shut off.

In a message posted online, members of Anonymous wrote: "To the citizens of North Korea we suggest to rise up and bring [this] oppressive government down!

"We are holding your back and your hand, while you take the journey to freedom, democracy and peace.

"You are not alone. Don't fear us, we are not terrorist, we are the good guys from the internet. AnonKorea and all the other Anons are here to set you free."

'Tango down'

Urminzokkiri's Twitter feed started displaying messages reading "hacked" at around 0700 BST. The account's avatar was changed to a picture of two people dancing, with the words "Tango down".

On Urminzokkiri's Flickr photo page, other images, including a "wanted" poster mocking Kim Jong-un, were also posted.

Anonymous has posted what it said was a sample of the hacked information.

However, some have questioned the reliability of the details as some of the email addresses were in fact Chinese.

Also unreachable on Thursday was the website of Air Koryo, the country's airline, which launched its online booking site late last year.

Like the main Urminzokkiri homepage, it is suspected the Air Koryo site has been hit with a Distributed Denial of Service attacked (DDoS) - a technique which involves flooding a website with too much traffic for it to handle.

Although a highly secretive nation, North Korea puts considerable effort in to having a strong presence online.

Various YouTube accounts attached to the regime post news items and propaganda videos on a regular basis.

Berlusconi trial: 'Ruby' Karima Mahroug at Milan court.

Dancer Karima El-Mahroug - known as "Ruby Heartstealer" - has staged a protest outside a court in Italy to deny claims she was paid for having sex with former PM Silvio Berlusconi.

"I'm not a prostitute. I've never had sex with Silvio Berlusconi," she said in a statement read outside the court.

She is upset over the Milan court's decision not to hear her testimony in the case against the former PM.

He denies paying for sex with her in 2010 when she was aged just 17.

Having sex with a female who is under 18 is a crime in Italy.

The billionaire media mogul is on trial in Milan on charges of paying for sex with an underage prostitute and abuse of power. He has admitted sending Ms Mahroug money, but insists the funds were meant as a gift for friend in need.

'Exploited'

In what the BBC's Alan Johnston in Rome described as an emotionally charged public statement on the court steps, Ms Mahroug said that she had not had a chance to tell the truth in relation to the allegations against her.

Ms Mahroug was surrounded by a media scrum outside the court
She said that instead only things that she had told investigators before the trial have been taken into account during proceedings against Mr Berlusconi.

"The press hurt me to hit Berlusconi," she said. "I realise that it is an ongoing war against [him] and I have been involved. But I don't want my life to be destroyed."

Moroccan-born Ms Mahroug complained that the judges' decision not to allow her to testify in the case amounted to "psychological violence".

Our correspondent says that in a bizarre twist she did, however, admit to pretending to be related to former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Mr Berlusconi may have believed this untrue assertion, our correspondent says, because on one occasion he is alleged to have phoned officers and urged them to release the grand-daughter of Egypt's president from detention.

Prosecutors say Ms Mahroug and Mr Berlusconi had sex on 13 occasions.

In January Ms Mahroug arrived at the trial to give testimony for the defence. Officials say she had been called twice before, but failed to show up, apparently because she was on holiday in Mexico.

Mr Berlusconi stepped down from a third term as prime minister in November 2011, when he was replaced by the technocrat Mario Monti.

His People of Freedom (PDL) party is hoping to form a centre-right coalition government with another party after it came second in inconclusive February elections.

The case is one of many that have dogged the former leader.

Both it and his appeal against a tax fraud conviction have been delayed until after the Court of Cassation in Rome decides on whether to allow them to be transferred from the northern city of Brescia to Milan.

German economic output 'at near stagnation'

Germany's economy slowed to "near stagnation" last month, while France's recorded its biggest contraction for four years, according to a closely watched survey.

The Markit composite purchasing managers' index (PMI), which measures both the manufacturing and services sectors, declined to 50.6 in Germany last month, from 53.3 in February.

Any figure above 50 indicates growth.

France's reading fell to 41.9 points, its worst since March 2009.

For the eurozone as a whole, the index fell to 46.5 from 47.9 in February.

Chris Williamson, chief economist at Markit, said the latest data painted a gloomy picture.

"The [eurozone] recession is deepening once again as businesses report that they have become increasingly worried about the region's debt crisis and political instability," he said.

"The unresolved election in Italy was commonly cited as a key factor clouding the economic outlook in March, and the botched bail-out of Cyprus could well filter through to a further worsening of business sentiment across the region in April."

Mr Williamson added that the weak showing from Germany "suggests that the only source of bright light in an otherwise gloomy region has once again begun to fade".

Germany's index reading was the worst in the country for three months.

Aryan Brotherhood of Texas: How did neo-Nazi prison gangs become so powerful?

Three US justice officials who tackled white supremacist prison gangs have been killed. Originally formed to fight other gangs, these groups are now accused of a range of criminal activities on the outside, from drug smuggling and kidnapping to murder. How did neo-Nazi prisoners set up huge criminal networks?

With skinhead haircuts and swastika tattoos, their leaders are buried deep within the brutal confines of America's penitentiaries.

But three murders in less than three months have shone a spotlight on far-right prison gangs, whose empire of drug-dealing, racketeering and murder extends well beyond the walls and barbed wire around them.

The bodies of Kaufman County, Texas, district attorney Mike McLelland, 63, and his wife Cynthia, 65, were found on Saturday.

McLelland's deputy, Mark Hasse, was killed in January, on the same day it was announced that their office was pursuing a racketeering case against the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT), a white supremacist group formed in Texan jails.

Police are investigating whether their deaths were linked with the killing of Tom Clements, Colorado's head of prisons.

The chief suspect in that case, ex-convict Evan Ebel, is said to have belonged to the 211 Crew, another violent racist prison gang. Official documents state his body was covered with Nazi-themed tattoos. Ebel died in a shoot-out two days after Clements.

While the killings remain unsolved, they have focused attention on the increasingly dangerous white supremacist networks formed in prison.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which monitors hate in the US, describes the ABT as "the most violent extremist group in the United States". It says the gang, thought to have around 2,000 members, has committed "at least" 29 murders in the US between 2000-12.

Its primary objective has moved beyond conducting turf wars inside jails or propagating racist ideology, however, into running a ruthless Mafia-style organised crime network.

An FBI indictment in November 2012 charged 34 ABT members with three murders, several attempted murders, assault, kidnapping and conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine and cocaine. According to court papers, the ABT has a tightly organisational structure composed of five regions, each run by a "general."

"If you look at domestic extremist groups in the US, they are responsible for more homicides than anyone else, although most are crime-related, to do with insubordination or revenge or against those who owe them money," says Brian Levin, director of California State University's Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism.

Of the confirmed ABT murders from 2000-12, the ADL estimates that 41% were "internal killings".

The US's original neo-Nazi prison gang, known simply as the Aryan Brotherhood, emerged in California's San Quentin State Prison during the late 1960s.

Desegregation of American jails meant inmates from different races were integrated for the first time, and simmering tensions between them saw prisoners group together along ethnic lines in cliques such as the Black Guerrilla Family or the Mexican Mafia.

Initially, their primary purpose was to offer protection from attack.

"Prisons are hostile environments," says former Texas prison warder and gang expert Terry Pelz. "We lock up a lot of people and we have a lot of racial hostility within prison. That's why these gangs form."

Quickly, however, the Brotherhood branched out into smuggling contraband into jails, which gave it a foothold in the lucrative drug trade.

Although its constitution demands that members must be "genetically of European ancestry" and believe in "the racial purity of the white race", its leaders have proved pragmatic in their dealings with non-white outsiders.

"They are a criminal syndicate first and the ideology comes second," says Levin. "They will work with other criminal syndicates even if they belong to ethnicities they dislike - it even says so in their constitution."

Today the Southern Poverty Law Center estimates that the California-led Aryan Brotherhood has some 20,000 members both in and out of custody.

The ABT was formed after Texas desegregated its jails in 1979, when Texan prisoners independently adopted the same markers and structures as the Brotherhood.

It applied to join the wider organisation, but according to TJ Leyden, a former skinhead turned anti-racism campaigner, "the only way to join was to be brought in by a made member, and there were no made members in Texas", so it remains unaffiliated and autonomous.

Greater emphasis was placed by the ABT on signing up members on the outside who could assist with smuggling or drug deals - a practice frowned upon by the mainline Brotherhood, which considered such recruits more likely to accept plea bargains to avoid jail.

What both factions had in common, however, was a steady intake of new inmates who turned to them for protection from the vicious brutality of life in the US prison system.

According to Leyden, the Nazi iconography functions as a means of ensuring these recruits stay loyal, even after they are released, as the groups' codes insist that membership can only be revoked by death.

"They need the swastika, they need the SS bolts, they need these symbols as a form of control," he says.

"If you have that stuff on your body you are not going into a black cell. And when you get out, employers will see the tattoos and say, 'I'm not giving you a shot.' Staying on the street is short-lived for most of them."

Leyden suggests such gangs may have been welcomed by prison guards because they assumed much of the task of policing inmates for them.

If the ABT were responsible for any of the recent killings of justice officials, it would represent a dramatic change in orientation.

Previously the group had been careful to avoid confrontation with the authorities, and some of those who followed their rise have expressed scepticism about whether they are behind the murders.

"If they are involved in this, it's a major step for them," says James W Marquart, a University of Texas criminologist.

"Typically, they are not involved in this sort of high-stakes activity. They like to keep it on the down-low as much as possible."

Alternatively, it may be that the killings are a desperate acknowledgement that the legal proceedings against them posed a serious threat to the ABT's existence.

Few would doubt, however, that groups like this still have the potential to demonstrate to the outside world their potential for sheer barbaric savagery - a capacity that has long been all too familiar to those on the inside.

North Korea 'moves mid-range missile'

North Korea has shifted a missile with "considerable range" to its east coast, South Korea's foreign minister says.

Kim Kwan-jin played down concerns that the missile could target the US mainland, and said the North's intentions were not yet clear.

Pyongyang earlier renewed threats of a nuclear strike against the US, though its missiles are not believed to be capable of carrying nuclear warheads.

The US is responding to North Korea by moving missile defence shields to Guam.

The Pentagon said the shield on its Pacific island territory would be ready within weeks, adding to warships already sent to the area.

The North has previously named Guam among a list of possible targets for attack that included Hawaii and the US mainland.

Japanese and South Korea reports had suggested the missile being moved by the North was a long-range one with a capability of hitting the US west coast.

However, experts believe the North's most powerful rocket, which it test-fired last December, has a range of 6,000km (3,700 miles) and can reach no further that Alaska.

Kim Kwan-jin told MPs in a parliamentary defence committee meeting that the missile had "considerable range".

"The missile does not seem to be aimed at the US mainland. It could be aimed at test firing or military drills," he said.

Analysts have interpreted Mr Kim's description as referring to the Musudan missile, estimated to have a range up to 4,000km. Guam would be within that range.

The North is believed to have its main military research centres in the east.

It has test-fired missiles from there before, and its three nuclear-weapons tests were carried out in the east.

Despite its belligerent rhetoric, North Korea has not taken direct military action since 2010, when it shelled a South Korean island and killed four people.

But in recent weeks it has threatened nuclear strikes and attacks on specific targets in the US and South Korea.

It has announced a formal declaration of war on the South, and pledged to reopen a mothballed nuclear reactor in defiance of UN Security Council resolutions.

In its latest statement, attributed to a military spokesman, the North appeared to refer to ongoing military exercises between the US and South Korea in which the US has flown nuclear-capable bombers over the South.

The statement said the "ever-escalating US hostile policy towards the DPRK [North Korea] and its reckless nuclear threat will be smashed".

It promised to use "cutting-edge smaller, lighter and diversified nuclear strike means of the DPRK" and said the "merciless operation of its revolutionary armed forces in this regard has been finally examined and ratified".

The US Department of Defense said on Wednesday it would deploy the ballistic Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (Thaad) to Guam in the coming weeks.

The Thaad system includes a truck-mounted launcher and interceptor missiles.

US officials recently also announced that the USS John McCain, a destroyer capable of intercepting missiles, had been positioned off the Korean peninsula.

Some analysts say Pyongyang's angry statements are of more concern than usual because it is unclear exactly what the North hopes to achieve.

As well as the rhetoric, Pyongyang has also taken action to deepen antipathy with the South.

It has shut down an emergency telephone line and stopped giving access to South Koreans who work at the joint industrial zone in Kaesong in the North.

The Kaesong complex is staffed mainly by North Koreans but funded and managed by South Korean firms.

Pyongyang blocked access for a second day on Thursday, and threatened to shut down the zone.

Derby fire deaths: Philpotts and Mosley face sentencing

A couple convicted of killing six of their children in a house fire in Derby are due to be sentenced later.

Mick and Mairead Philpott will reappear at Nottingham Crown Court where they were found guilty of six counts of manslaughter, along with their friend Paul Mosley, on Tuesday.

The maximum sentence for the crime is life imprisonment.

Mrs Justice Thirlwall was due to pass sentence on Wednesday but needed more time to consider mitigation.

The court was told that Philpott, 56, was jailed for seven years in 1978 for attempting to murder a previous girlfriend and given a concurrent five-year sentence for stabbing the woman's mother.

In 1991 he received a conditional discharge for assault after he head-butted a colleague

And in 2010 he was given a police caution after slapping Mairead and dragging her outside by her hair.

When Philpott set fire to his house in Victory Road, Derby, he was also facing trial over a road rage incident in which he punched a motorist in the face.

He had admitted common assault in relation to the incident but denied dangerous driving.

Rape allegation

Police have also confirmed that they intend to "thoroughly" investigate an allegation that Philpott raped a woman several years ago.

She made the allegation after the death of Philpott's children, but police decided to wait until the end of the manslaughter trial before investigating the complaint further.

On Tuesday the jury returned unanimous manslaughter verdicts on Philpott and Mosley, 46, while Mairead Philpott, 32, was convicted by a majority.

Jade Philpott, 10, John, nine, Jack, eight, Jesse, six, and Jayden, five, died on the morning of the fire on 11 May 2012.

Mairead Philpott's son from a previous relationship, 13-year-old Duwayne, died later in hospital.

Google 'sells Frommer's guides business back to founder'

The founder of travel guidebook company Frommer's has said that he has reacquired the rights to the brand from internet giant Google.

Arthur Frommer told the AP news agency that he will publish the guides in both print and electronic form, in addition to operating the Frommer's website.

Google, which bought Frommer's last August, confirmed to AP that it had returned the brand to its founder.

How much Mr Frommer is said to have paid Google has not yet been reported.

Google also told the news agency that the travel content it had gained from Frommer's had been integrated into its various services, such as Google Plus and Maps, which offer users advice on local services such as hotels and restaurants.

Mr Frommer founded the company in 1957, before selling it to publisher Simon and Schuster in 1977.

Prior to Google's purchase of Frommer's for an undisclosed fee last year, it was owned by fellow publishing business Wiley and Sons.

There were reports last month that Google was to cease production of Frommer's print guides, and move the business to an online-only operation. However, Google refused to comment at the time.

Mr Frommer, 83, told AP: "It's a very happy time for me."

Japan bank's Haruhiko Kuroda in aggressive growth move

The Bank of Japan has said it will dramatically expand the country's money supply, as it tries to stimulate growth in the world's third-largest economy.

The central bank vowed to boost an asset purchase programme and meet a 2% inflation target in two years, after a two-day meeting, the first chaired by new governor Haruhiko Kuroda.

Japan's economy has been battling more than a decade of falling prices.

Mr Kuroda had previously said he would do "whatever it takes" to drive growth.

"The BOJ will conduct money-market operations so that the monetary base will increase at an annual pace of about 60tn yen to 70tn yen ($645bn to $755bn)," the central bank said in a statement.

This increase in the money supply is expected to stoke inflation.

Many analysts have said that falling prices discourage people from spending, and companies from investing, and that has trapped Japan in a cycle of sluggish growth and recession.

The yen fell against the US dollar, and Tokyo's Nikkei 225 index rose 2.2% on the central bank's decision, indicating markets were reacting positively to the stimulus measures.

"The measures announced overall were bold, and more than what had been expected," said Hiroshi Maeba, from UBS in Japan.

"The markets clearly saw that the BOJ did all it can at this point and responded accordingly."

'Abenomics'

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was elected last year, has been pushing for the Bank of Japan to do more to help the economy.

His plan, a combination of big government spending as well as an aggressive central bank asset buying programme, has been dubbed Abenomics.

Mr Kuroda, who was nominated by Mr Abe for the top job at the central bank, is seen as sharing those views, which are a departure from the BOJ's previous stance.

On Thursday, the bank said it would also increase its purchases of Japanese government bonds to a total of 50tn yen, a move aimed at bringing down interest rates and spurring lending.

It also extended the average maturity of the bonds it purchases from three years to seven years. Finally, the bank said it would also buy relatively riskier assets such as exchange-traded funds and real estate trust funds.

The decisions passed with unanimous votes from the board of the central bank, an indication that this would mark the beginning of Mr Kuroda's shift towards more aggressive monetary easing.

However, some observers have expressed concern that this new strategy will leave Japan, which already has the largest debt pile of any industrialised nation, even more in the red.

Kaesong, Korean friendship city

North Korea has sparked alarm among business leaders in the South by refusing access to the Kaesong joint-industrial zone. Southern workers returning from the complex on Wednesday were mobbed by reporters. Kaesong has been at the heart of relations between the two Koreas for a decade.

Work on the complex began in 2003 after years of negotiation between Kim Jong-il and governments from the South that followed the so-called Sunshine policy of friendship towards their neighbour.

The complex was made possible after Hyundai chairman Chung Mong-hun and the South Korean government agreed to invest 220bn won ($200m; £130m) to develop the land.

The South Koreans would supply the money and the technology, while the manpower would come from the North. By December 2004, production had started in the complex's first factory.

The opening up of Kaesong allowed foreign reporters to catch an occasional glimpse of life in a North Korean city away from the planned pomp and guided tours of the capital, Pyongyang.

But the cult of personality still looms large with statues and portraits of Kim Il-sung, the founding leader who died in 1994 but officially still holds the title "eternal president".

Analysts say Kim Jong-il's regime benefited hugely from the foreign money flowing into Kaesong, which explains why the complex has never ceased operations despite the North constantly threatening to wage war and destruction on its enemies in the South.

The complex employs more than 50,000 North Koreans, who are paid a total of about $80m in wages each year. Some $470m of goods were produced there in 2012.

Despite the obvious benefits for the city of Kaesong and the regime itself, North Korean leaders have consistently threatened to close it down. It remains to be seen whether the latest threat will be taken further than the others.

Gazan heads to Oxford University on unusual scholarship

Rawan Yaghi is a bookish 19 year old who, appropriately for a student of literature, arrives to meet me in Gaza with a text tucked under her arm.

It is a well-thumbed copy of Catch 22, Joseph Heller's classic satirical novel on the absurdities of war; not an inappropriate choice for somebody who's spent her entire life amid one of the Middle East's most intractable conflicts.

But Rawan's life is about to take a different direction. Currently a student at Gaza's Islamic University, she has just won a scholarship to Oxford University to study linguistics and Italian.

She is looking forward to moving from the minarets of Gaza to the city of "dreaming spires".

"I'm very excited. I can't wait," she smiles. "It's going to be different but it's going to be fun."

Unusual scholarship

Few have made such a journey.

But what is even more unusual is that all the other students at Oxford's Jesus College will pay some of the cost of Rawan's studies.

As part of the recently established Jesus College Junior Members Scholarship most of the other students have each agreed to pay £3.90 ($5.90) per term towards Rawan's fees.

The scholarship was set up by Oxford graduate Emily Dreyfus after she realised that few Gazans had ever had the chance to study at one of Britain's most prestigious universities.

She says most other students at Jesus were happy to contribute.

Emily Dreyfus says most students are happy to contribute to Rawan's scholarship
"They voted for this from the outset. They recognise that this is a very small contribution to make which has a disproportionately positive benefit."

The student contributions will raise around £6,300 a year towards Rawan's living costs. This is only a fraction of the estimated £30,000 annual costs needed to complete the four-year course.

But the university has agreed to waive around 60% of the tuition fees.

The rest of the costs are being paid for by three charities: The Hani Qaddumi Scholarship Foundation, the AM Qattan Foundation and the Hoping Foundation which supports Palestinian refugees around the world.

Rawan still had to apply for and win the place against fierce competition, but she knows the other students at Jesus have given her a rare opportunity.

"I really appreciate that Emily believed in people here and she gave somebody like me a life changing chance," she says.

Rawan has only once before left the tiny Palestinian territory, when she went on a study trip to the United States.

Israel's blockade of Gaza and the ongoing conflict with Hamas which governs here make it difficult for Palestinians to leave through Israel.

In the past, Israel has refused permission for Palestinian students to leave Gaza in order to carry out studies abroad.

It is likely Rawan will leave Gaza through Egypt in order to travel to Oxford.

She is currently completing a degree in English literature studying, among other books, George Orwell's Animal Farm and William Golding's Lord of the Flies.

She says her favourite book is Mornings In Jenin by the Palestinian American writer Susan AbulHawa.

The novel follows the story of three generations of a Palestinian family who became refugees after the creation of the state of Israel in 1948.

Rawan is also a fan of JK Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books.

Jesus College students will each contribute £3.90 per term towards Rawan's fees
"Her style of writing is very subtle. There are little things in her stories that grab your attention."

Education is highly valued in Gaza. There are no fewer than seven universities in the territory for a population of 1.7 million people.

But Rawan is expecting a different study experience at Oxford.

"The education system is completely different. I'm going to have my own tutors not like in Gaza where I am among hundreds of students who have the same teacher."

Cultural differences

She will also have to get used to mixed education. At the Islamic University, where she studies now, men and women are taught separately.

"I don't think it's going to be a problem. The culture there is obviously very different but I'm open to that."

Rawan also accepts that she is going to miss home.

"Of course I will be homesick. But I have to go through that and get used to it because I have something more important to achieve."

Emily Dreyfus expects the young Palestinian will be given a warm welcome.

Graduation day at Gaza's Islamic University: Rawan is expecting a very different cultural experience at Oxford
"I'm confident that she's going to have a wonderful time and I know that there are a lot of people at the college eager to meet her and to welcome her to their community."

And Rawan is looking forward to telling people about a different side of life in Gaza.

"Most people think it's like a war zone here and that everyone here is really depressed and involved in politics," she says.

"But it's not always about war. It's also about families, friends and love. It's not only about the conflict with Israel."

And despite the chance to broaden her horizons, she is adamant that once she has finished her four years in Oxford, she will return to Gaza.

"I still haven't thought about what I'll do after university but I'll definitely come back here. Although it may seem difficult to live here, it's still interesting and adventurous at times," she says with a wry smile.

"There is ugliness in Gaza but you can't leave it and turn your back on it."

Body's anti-HIV 'training manual' offers vaccine hopes

The body's own "training manual" for attacking HIV has been recorded by US scientists and it is hoped it can be used to design vaccines.

HIV mutates in order to survive the onslaught of a patient's immune system.

However, some patients develop highly effective antibodies that can neutralise huge swathes of HIV mutants.

A North Carolina team analysed the arms race between body and virus, published in the journal Nature, and has shown how these antibodies are made.

When someone is infected with HIV, their body produces antibodies to attack it. But the virus mutates and evades the offensive, so the body produces new antibodies that the virus then evades and the war goes on.

However, after about four years of this struggle some patients hit on to a winner by targeting something the virus finds harder to change - an Achilles heel.

"Even though the virus mutates and there are literally millions of quasi-species of virus because of all these mutations, but there are parts the virus can't change otherwise the virus cannot infect - these are the vulnerable sites," Prof Barton Haynes, of Duke University, in North Carolina, told the BBC.

At this stage of the infection it is far too late to make a difference for the patient as the virus is hiding in untouchable reservoirs.

However, some researchers believe that vaccines that encourage the body to produce these "broadly neutralising antibodies" may give people immunity to the virus.

Super antibody

The research team's study is based on a patient in Africa who had a rapid diagnosis, about four weeks after being infected with the virus.

They were eventually able to produce an antibody named CH103 that could neutralise 55% of HIV samples.

It was not produced in one easy step. Rather it was the product of the war of the immune system and HIV trying to out-evolve each other.

However, through regular genetic analyses of both the immune system and virus, researchers could piece together each of the steps that culminated in the production of CH103.

It is like a training manual for the immune system.

Prof Haynes said: "What we were able to do was map out the arms race of both virus and antibody, and in doing so we have now a map.

"This is the first time we've been able to see the actual road map."

He said the challenge now was to see if re-creating those steps could lead to a viable vaccine.

However, he said it would almost certainly need to be a vaccine combining multiple "Achilles heels" - in the same way that HIV therapies are a combination of drug treatments.

Prof Jane Anderson, consultant at Homerton hospital in London and chair of the British HIV Association, said: "The study gives important insights into the ways in which the human immune system responds to HIV infection and increases our understanding about the relationships between the virus and the human host.

"This is another welcome step on the path to develop vaccines against HIV."

Dr Sarah Joseph, who tests HIV vaccines at the Medical Research Council clinical trials unit, said: "This paper is really interesting. Some people do make antibodies that neutralise a lot of HIV virus, bit it is not of use to them as they produce it way too late."

She said harnessing these antibodies "could be a big deal" and there was "even talk about mass-producing antibodies and infusing people with them".

Cuban ballet dancers defect while on tour in Mexico

Seven members of the National Ballet of Cuba defected during a performing tour of Mexico last month.

A ballet spokesman confirmed the news, saying only that they had not returned at the end of the tour.

The world-renowned troupe, led by legendary ballerina Alicia Alonso, has been hit by defections before.

A Cuban exile website based in Miami said six of the defectors were now in the United States, while the seventh was still in Mexico.

The head of Havana's National Ballet School, where some of them had studied, expressed her sadness at the news.

Ramona de Saa said she considered one of the five women among the defectors as like a daughter to her.

Exile website cafefuerte.com identified the dancers as two men and five women, all in their early 20s. They had now requested asylum in the US, it said.

They are thought to be in Miami, the centre of the US Cuban exile community.

"We were intent on seeking a better artistic life and economic well-being for our families," Cafe Fuerte quoted one of the group, Annie Ruiz Diaz, as saying.

Correspondents say Cuba's National Ballet has suffered from a number of high-profile defections over the years, as performers stay abroad in search of greater creative and economic opportunities.

In March 2011, five members of the company defected after a performance in Canada.

In 2005, the National Ballet's principal dancer Rolando Sarabia defected to the US via Mexico and has since performed with the Houston Ballet and Miami City Ballet.

Jay Leno replaced by Jimmy Fallon at Tonight Show

Late-night television show host Jay Leno will be replaced by presenter Jimmy Fallon on NBC's The Tonight Show, the US network has said.

The switch in February 2014, which was widely anticipated, will see the show relocate from Los Angeles to New York.

NBC also said Lorne Michaels, the renowned producer of Saturday Night Live, will produce The Tonight Show.

NBC head Steve Burke said the network was making the change while the show was at the peak of its ratings.

"Jimmy Fallon is a unique talent and this is his time," Mr Burke said.

The network used the same strategy when handing the show over to Leno from Johnny Carson, its previous host.

Fallon will reportedly begin on The Tonight Show during NBC's coverage of the Winter Olympics, when the network expects to see a spike in its audience.

Correspondents say NBC executives were concerned a rival late-night show hosted by Jimmy Kimmel on the ABC network would make gains among the crucial younger audience if Fallon's move did not happen quickly.

This is the second time in recent years NBC has sought to replace Leno, who has hosted the show from Los Angeles since 1992.

In 2009, NBC handed the show over to Conan O'Brien, but the move backfired and the network reinstated Leno.

This time, Leno has congratulated Fallon on the promotion.

"I hope you're as lucky as me and hold on to the job until you're the old guy," Leno said in a statement. "If you need me, I'll be at the garage."

Meanwhile, in a reference to his current show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, which begins at 00:30 ET (04:30 GMT), Fallon said: "I'm really excited to host a show that starts today instead of tomorrow."

Stop UK aid to Pakistan unless taxes increase, urge MPs

The UK government should withhold extra aid to Pakistan unless the country does more to gather taxes from its wealthier citizens, a group of MPs has said.

The International Development Committee said British taxpayers should not be paying for health and education in Pakistan while rich Pakistanis were paying little tax.

They also urged ministers to ensure aid was focused on anti-corruption efforts.

Ministers said they were committed to ensuring tax reform took place.

The government is planning to double the amount of aid it provides to Pakistan from £267m in 2012-13 to £446m in 2014-15, making it the largest recipient of UK aid.

The committee accepted there was a "powerful case" for maintaining bilateral aid to Pakistan, which has "long-established ties" with the UK and "real poverty and serious security problems".

'Pakistani elite'

But the MPs said they could not support the use of British taxpayers' money for aid in Pakistan without ensuring the new Pakistani government, to be elected in May this year, was committed to reforming the tax system.

The report said Pakistan had a lower-than-average tax take, with only 0.57% of Pakistanis - 768,000 individuals - paying income tax last year. In comparable countries, the level is about 15%.

The committee also criticised the Department for International Development (DfID) for failing to put corruption, frequent absences in the rule of law and low tax collection at the top of the agenda for its governance work in Pakistan.

Lib Dem Sir Malcolm Bruce, chairman of the cross-party committee, said there was no issue with providing aid to help Pakistan's poorest people, but "it was a question of how justified it is to increase it rapidly at a time when wealthiest people in Pakistan are paying little or no tax".

He told the BBC Radio 4's Today programme: "Unless [Pakistan is] prepared to work with us to deliver real improvements in health, education and poverty reduction, then we can't be expected to go on providing money from taxpayers in Britain earning less than wealthy non-taxpayers in Pakistan."

The MPs recommended that as a "significant friend" of Pakistan the UK should "do all it can" to encourage effective tax collection.

They called on DfID to work with other donor countries and the International Monetary Fund to push for reform of Pakistan's tax system and back a national campaign to build domestic political momentum for change.

The committee also said corruption was "rife" in Pakistan, where society was "based on patronage and kinship networks".

Pakistan's measures

Sir Malcolm added: "It is vital for Pakistan, and its relations with external aid donors, that the new government provides clear evidence that it will own and implement an effective anti-corruption strategy.

"DfID must likewise set measurable targets against which to measure and confirm positive impacts arising from effective investment in anti-corruption measures."

Pakistan High Commissioner Wajid Shamsul Hasan said the tax collection net had been increased from 1,000bn Pakistan rupees (£6.72bn) at the beginning of the century to 2,000bn rupees by the end of 2012, with a "substantial increase in the number of taxpayers".

And although figures showed that 69% of National Assembly members and 63% of Senate members did not pay taxes in 2011, Mr Hasan said that people who had not paid taxes were now banned from running for public office.

He urged Britain to continue providing aid to Pakistan: "I would say that they should paying knowing well what sort of problems we have [been] put into by this 30-year-long war against terrorism in the region, first when the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan we had to be face the main brunt of the war, and now we have to continue to face the main brunt.

"We have spent $67bn (£44bn) since 2011 in this war against terror, our infrastructure has been destroyed, our education has been destroyed."

Post-election reform

A spokesman for DfID said the report "rightly sets out the urgent need for the incoming Pakistan government to deliver tax reform".

He added: "Reform must start from the top down, with elected politicians and the wealthiest in Pakistan showing a commitment to reform by submitting tax returns and paying tax due.

"The UK government is clear that UK development assistance in Pakistan is predicated on a commitment to economic and tax reform and to helping lift the poorest out of poverty.

"We have made it clear to government and opposition politicians in Pakistan that it is not sustainable for British taxpayers to fund development spend if Pakistan is not building up its own stable tax take.

"Following the election we will make available practical assistance to the incoming government to help deliver reform of the Pakistan tax system and work with the IMF, but tax and economic reform must take place."

How potent are North Korea's threats?

Since the latest UN sanctions, North Korea has unleashed a salvo of threats against the US and South Korea, even vowing to restart operations at its main nuclear complex. The BBC examines how much of a threat North Korea really poses to the US and its Asian neighbours.

North Korea's threats

North Korea has frequently employed bellicose rhetoric towards its perceived aggressors.

The 1994 threat by a North Korean negotiator to turn Seoul into "a sea of fire" prompted South Koreans to stock up on essentials in panic.

After US President George W Bush labelled it part of the "axis of evil" in 2002, Pyongyang said it would "mercilessly wipe out the aggressors".

Last June the army warned that artillery was aimed at seven South Korean media groups and threatened a "merciless sacred war".

There is also a pattern of escalating threats whenever South Korea gets a new leader.

While many observers dismiss the rhetoric as bluster, others warn of "the tyranny of low expectations" when it comes to understanding North Korea, because there have been a number of serious regional confrontations.

"If you follow North Korean media you constantly see bellicose language directed against the US and South Korea and occasionally Japan is thrown in there, and it's hard to know what to take seriously. But then when you look at occasions where something really did happen, such as the artillery attack on a South Korean island in 2010, you see there were very clear warnings," Professor John Delury at South Korea's Yonsei university told the BBC.

The North consistently warned that military exercises being conducted in the area would spark a retaliation.

Mr Delury argues that misreading Pyongyang's intentions and misunderstanding its capabilities has kept the US and South Korea stuck in a North Korean quagmire.

Picking apart the bluster

The latest warning of a pre-emptive nuclear attack was in response to joint military exercises between South Korea and the US rather than sanctions per se.

"Any time a nation threatens pre-emptive nuclear war, there is cause for concern. North Korea is no exception, with its recent shift in rhetoric from accusing the US of imagining a North Korean ballistic missile threat, to vowing to use its ballistic missile capabilities to strike the continental US," says Andrea Berger, from the Royal United Services Institute in London.

Former leader Kim Jong-il in friendlier times between the US and North Korea
But many experts believe these threats come from the North's desire for a peace treaty with the US.

"It seems to believe that it will not be taken seriously until it can enter talks on this issue with sizeable military strength. This is in line with Pyongyang's historic military-first policy," Ms Berger says.

The US is often centre-stage. "There are cases where the threats are geared towards getting on the radar particularly of the White House, which tries to ignore North Korea as a matter of policy. Pyongyang's message is - you cannot break us, we will not go away, you have to deal with us," Mr Delury said.

The latest series of threats are being seen as "bluff" because the North's leaders know a nuclear attack would be suicidal and impractical, given the North's rudimentary missile programme.

And many point out that it is unclear exactly which pacts North Korea has abandoned as some were never properly implemented. And the North has also threatened to scrap the armistice agreement before this - there are several well documented attempts.

But the North may yet respond to sanctions by provoking a conventional forces border clash with South Korea, either on land or sea, as it has done before.

It has now said it will restart operations at its main nuclear facility at Yongbyon - this could open up a new source of plutonium for the North's weapons programme.

When it comes to enriching uranium, it is unclear how many secret plants already exist and there is still no clear evidence to indicate whether the North's latest nuclear test was uranium-based. Nevertheless, experts say facilities at Yongbyon could be converted to produce weapons-grade uranium.

Is the US a real target?

South Korean tests carried out on fragments of a rocket fired in December in what the North describes as a satellite launch showed it would have had a range of more than 10,000km (6,200 miles), putting the US well within striking distance.

However, there is little evidence that North Korea has yet developed a guidance system to ensure an accurate strike, or the re-entry technology to bring an intercontinental ballistic missile (IBM) back down.

North Korea successfully launched a rocket in December
Pyongyang's ability to carry out a nuclear strike on the US is even less certain, as analysts do not believe it has yet managed to create a small enough nuclear device to be mounted on a warhead.

December's missile launch, the International Institute for Strategic Studies said, proved that North Korea has something that can hit American shores but it says that any "functioning nuclear-tipped intercontinental ballistic missile is still at least several years away".

North Korea has shown it is determined to pursue this technology. Its latest underground nuclear test was double the size of the previous one in 2009.

The North claimed that a nuclear test in February detonated "an atomic warhead that is lighter and miniaturised but with a big explosive charge".

But while the North might struggle to hit the US, it could target US interests in the region. There are more than 28,000 US military personnel based in South Korea, another 40,000 in Japan and a large military base in Guam, a US territory off the Philippines.

The US is also obliged to defend Japan if it is attacked under the terms of the post-World War II security alliance between Washington and Tokyo.

Even if a missile is launched from the North, Washington has insisted it is "fully capable" of blocking any attack against it or its allies.

It is also worth noting that the only US Navy ship being held by a foreign power is in Pyongyang.

The USS Pueblo was captured while on a surveillance mission in 1968. It was in international waters during its mission and nobody imagined that the North Koreans might capture it - so the crew were unprepared.

One crew member died and 82 were taken to North Korean prison camps, where they were held for 11 months, accused of spying. They were released once the US apologised and insisted the ship had not been spying - later retracting both statements.

North Korea's neighbours

Since the Korean War ended, Pyongyang has repeatedly shown its ability to strike neighbours and foreign interests in the region, often in response to what it sees a provocation.

In 1967, it attacked and sank South Korea's vessel the Dangpo as it patrolled in the Yellow Sea, killing 39 of the crew.

There followed a period of relative calm - though sabre-rattling continued - as South Korea pursued its "Sunshine Policy", an attempt to steadily build closer relations and reduce tensions between 1998 and 2008.

But in March 2010, the South Korean warship Cheonan travelling close to the disputed maritime border - known as the Northern Limit Line (NLL) - was split in half by an explosion, leaving 46 sailors dead. South Korea said the only "plausible explanation" was that it had been hit by a North Korean torpedo. Pyongyang denied this.

Teams have salvaged the wreckage of the Cheonan from the sea bed
In November that year, North Korean troops launched an artillery strike on South Korea's Yeonpyeong Island, just south of the NLL. Two South Korean marines and two civilians were killed. Pyongyang said the clash was provoked by a South Korean military drill being conducted near the island.

North Korea has a conventional army of more than 1.1m, but its equipment is thought to be Soviet-era and in poor condition.

However it still has a vast amount of artillery lined up along the demilitarised zone, and the South Korean capital Seoul is within its reach.

According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies' military balance, approximately 65% of North Korea's military units, and up to 80% of its estimated aggregate firepower are within 100km of the DMZ.

Male baldness 'indicates heart risk'

Men going thin on top may be more likely to have heart problems than their friends with a full head of hair, according to researchers in Japan.

Their study of nearly 37,000 people, published in the online journal BMJ Open, said balding men were 32% more likely to have coronary heart disease.

However, the researchers said the risks were less than for smoking or obesity.

The British Heart Foundation said men should focus on their waistline, not their hairline.

A shifting hairline is a fact of life for many men. Half have thinning hair by their 50s and 80% have some hair loss by the age of 70.

Researchers at the University of Tokyo sifted through years of previous research into links between hair loss and heart problems.

They showed that hair that went thin on the crown was associated with coronary heart disease. This was after adjusting for other risk factors such as age and family history.

However, a receding hairline did not seem to affect the risk.

Focus on lifestyle

Dr Tomohide Yamada, of the University of Tokyo, told the BBC: "We found a significant, though modest, link between baldness, at least on the top of the head, and risk for coronary heart disease.

"We thought this is a link, but not as strong as many other known links such as smoking, obesity, cholesterol levels and blood pressure."

He said younger men losing hair on the top of their head should focus on improving their lifestyle to ensure they keep their heart healthy.

However, he said there was not enough evidence to suggest screening bald men for heart problems.

Any explanation for the link is uncertain.

There are ideas about increased sensitivity to male hormones, insulin resistance and inflammation in blood vessels affecting both the heart and the hair.

Doireann Maddock, a cardiac nurse with the British Heart Foundation, said: "Although these findings are interesting, men who've lost their hair should not be alarmed by this analysis.

"Much more research is needed to confirm any link between male pattern baldness and an increased risk of coronary heart disease. In the meantime, it's more important to pay attention to your waistline than your hairline.

"Hereditary hair loss may be out of your control, but many of the risk factors for coronary heart disease are not. Stopping smoking, maintaining a healthy weight and being as active as possible are all things that you can do to help protect your heart."

Patrick Wolfe, a professor of statistics at University College London, said: "Right now the link that is seemingly responsible for this relative risk increase is not well understood, and so in future we might look forward to a day when understanding more about the various mechanisms underlying heart disease will tell us more about those underlying male pattern baldness, and vice versa.

"In the meantime it's a case of focusing on the things that we can control - our diet, exercise regimens and other risk factors - to lower our overall risk for heart disease."

The magicians who steal other conjurers' tricks

Magicians have stolen each other's secrets for as long as the art of magic has existed. But the interconnectivity of today's world is making it easier - and magicians can't always rely on the law to protect them.

Jeff McBride is one of the most accomplished magicians in the world. Seeing him perform, it's easy to fall under his spell - you half think he might have magical powers.

His most famous routine is an intricate series of transformations, with a variety of masks, taking the audience through the entire history of magic.

But, one day, McBride discovered he was not the only one performing this particular act.

He spotted a clip on YouTube of a Thai magician doing his entire routine on local TV - move for move - along to his music. He'd even cut and dyed his hair to copy McBride.

"It's the most carbon copy sort of duplication I have ever seen," says McBride.

"This was the whole enchilada... It's not just a duplication of one of my tricks, it's not just an exact copy of one of my routines - it's my show, my entire show," he says.

His fans were calling for the Thai magician's head, but McBride, with the help of Google Translate, decided to get in touch and talk it out.

"It seemed like he was doing a tribute act like someone would do a Beatles or Pink Floyd or a Black Sabbath tribute act. I could obviously see that, so I didn't want to slam the guy, but what he was doing wasn't right."

This dispute ended amicably, but that is often not the case, and magicians complain that their tricks are being ripped off like never before.

"It's a sad situation. It's like a cancer in our business," says magician Kevin James, who is is nicknamed "the inventor" because of his record of innovation.

Another of Jeff McBride's routines
Magicians argue that for young people to become interested in magic, and continue the tradition, they need to learn from the masters of the day, and need access to existing tricks. Selling tricks is also how many magicians make enough money to stay in the business.

But James has had numerous tricks copied and sold at knock-down prices on Chinese websites - using his name and branding.

"They use my advertising, they use my photos, they use my video on their websites, they use my text to sell it. They make it look like it's my product - only a third the price," he says.

You might well think that a magician would be protected from this - that they could sue, or that they would have some sort of recourse to the law.

But there is little they can do, says Sara Crasson, a lawyer specialising in intellectual property rights, and a magician herself. Magic tricks fall into, if not a black hole, certainly a legal grey area.

In a recent case in the Netherlands, a court ruled that tricks and illusions per se are not protectable, but that when put together into a specific sequence, as part of a magician's routine, they effectively constitute a kind of drama, and can therefore be granted copyright protection.

It was seen as a landmark case, but it only covers magicians who - like McBride - have had their whole act, or a significant section, copied.

Beyond this, it's effectively a kind of magical Wild West.

As magic is all about secrets, you might expect magicians' tricks would gain protection under the principle of trade secrets - this is how Coca-Cola guards its recipe and how KFC protects the spices it uses on its chicken, for example.

But with a trade secret, the onus is on the holder to guard it and, as public performers, this poses a problem for magicians.

"If someone can watch the performance and figure out what the secret is, then that magician would lose trade secret protection," says Crasson.

"For magicians, trade secrets are a lot tougher to keep because magicians frequently do know how other magicians do their work."

There have been some pretty brazen examples in the past - perhaps none more so than the case involving the world-famous US magician Harry Kellar at the end of the 19th Century. He was so keen to work out how British magician John Nevil Maskelyne was doing his levitations, that he went to the show several times - armed with binoculars.

When that failed, he marched right up to stage at the key moment to take a peek. He still couldn't work it out, and ended up bribing another magician at the theatre to provide him with sketches. Kellar performed this particular act around the world for years afterwards.

Harry Kellar resorted to bribery to devise his levitating woman act
The modern-day version of this story is perhaps the case of German magician Losander, who is renowned for his levitations.

In the most famous part of his act, a table floats impossibly, darting around as if possessed.

The floating table is not just Losander's signature illusion, it's his magical legacy. His tables are on sale, marketed at professional magicians, and can cost thousands of dollars.

At least, that was, until the knock-offs "popped up like mushrooms" on Chinese websites - often with dubious branding suggesting the product was endorsed by him.

"It should be handled like money," says Losander. "If you rob a bank, you go to jail [but] if you steal somebody's idea, they say 'God bless you'."

Occasionally magicians patent their tricks, but a patent puts the information out into the public domain - exactly what a magician wants to avoid.

There are practical problems too. "Your patent is only as good as your ability to enforce it," says Kevin James, who patented his amputated arm illusion - but found that didn't stop the imitations.

"I went to an attorney. He said, 'Well, OK, I need $30,000 (£20,000) to start with… There's no pot at the end of the rainbow. I'm not sure if it's something you want to pursue.'"

James decided he didn't want to spend his whole time chasing "bottom feeders". In fact, he is thinking about giving up the whole business of selling his tricks.

But if magicians don't get products out to market at all, then young magicians have nothing to learn from, and this could lead to the downfall of the art in the long run, he says.

Starting young: A teenage Jeff McBride
Like magicians, comedians have long complained of having their jokes stolen with impunity by rivals with no recourse to the law. They rely on a code of ethics - not the law - to regulate their industry.

And that's the flip-side to all this, says James. Just as an interconnected world has increased the speed and ease of ripping off ideas, it has also allowed for the spread of the idea of a magicians' code of ethics.

Arguably this kind of voluntary self-regulation could actually foster creativity among magicians. A recent cover story in the trade magazine Magic identified South Korea as a hotbed of talented new magicians. It's also home to the Do Not Copy the Magic campaign - one of the most active movements against stealing tricks in the industry.

Connecticut backs gun controls after Newtown Massacre

The state legislature in Connecticut has approved gun control measures which campaigners say are the most comprehensive in America.

The sweeping new restrictions include a ban on new high-capacity magazines and background checks on all gun buyers.

President Barack Obama and gun control advocates say the measures are needed to curb an epidemic of gun violence.

In December a gunman in Newtown, Connecticut killed 26 people, including 20 children, at a primary school.

Gun rights groups argue the legislation - which was approved by both the senate and lower house in Connecticut - would not have prevented the Newtown school shooting.

The state's assembly passed the legislation after more than 13 hours of debate.

In Washington, the US Congress is set to debate new gun control legislation this month.

President's visit

Gun control in Connecticut became a predominant political issue after 20-year-old Adam Lanza shot his way into Sandy Hook Elementary School with a high-powered rifle legally purchased by his mother - whom he also killed.

The killings also reignited national debate on gun control, and led to President Obama making gun safety one of the defining issues of his second term, which started a month after the shooting.

The president plans to visit the state on Monday as his proposed gun control measures in Congress appear to have stalled. Correspondents say he will use it to increase pressure on lawmakers in Washington.

The measures passed by Connecticut on Thursday include:

an expansion of the state's assault weapons ban
background checks for all prospective firearms purchasers, including in private transactions
a ban on the sale or purchase of ammunition magazines holding more than 10 rounds
a registry of weapons offenders
a state eligibility certificate to purchase a rifle or shotgun that involves a psychiatric commitment check
"This is a new and historic model for the country on an issue that has typically been the most controversial and divisive," Connecticut Senate President Donald Williams was quoted by local media as saying at the end of a six-hour debate in the lower house on Thursday morning.

The approval of the bill by both houses of the Connecticut assembly came after weeks of negotiations between Democratic and Republican legislative leaders, who said they were determined to produce a bipartisan bill in response to the tragedy.

North Korea threats: US to move missile defences to Guam

The US is sending a missile shield to the Pacific island of Guam to counter North Korean nuclear threats.

The Pentagon said the shield would be ready within weeks, adding to warships that were sent to the area earlier.

The North had named Guam among a list of possible targets for attack that included Hawaii and the US mainland.

North Korea is not thought to have the technology to strike the US mainland with either a nuclear weapon or a ballistic missile, analysts say.

But it is capable of targeting US military bases in the region with its mid-range missiles.

Pyongyang has also continued to refuse access to workers from the South into a joint industrial zone in the North.

The Kaesong complex is staffed mainly by North Koreans but funded and managed by South Korean firms.

Pyongyang blocked access for a second day on Thursday, and threatened to shut down the zone.

North Korea has issued an array of statements in recent weeks threatening nuclear strikes and attacks on specific targets in the US and South Korea.

It has announced a formal declarations of war on the South, and pledged to reopen a mothballed nuclear reactor in defiance of UN Security Council resolutions.

In its latest statement, attributed to a military spokesman, the North appeared to refer to ongoing military exercises between the US and South Korea in which the US has flown nuclear-capable bombers over the South.

The statement said the "ever-escalating US hostile policy towards the DPRK [North Korea] and its reckless nuclear threat will be smashed".

It promised to use "cutting-edge smaller, lighter and diversified nuclear strike means of the DPRK" and said the "merciless operation of its revolutionary armed forces in this regard has been finally examined and ratified".

The US Department of Defense said on Wednesday it would deploy the ballistic Terminal High Altitude Area Defense System (Thaad) to Guam in the coming weeks.

The Thaad system includes a truck-mounted launcher and interceptor missiles.

The Pentagon said the deployment would "strengthen our regional defence posture against the North Korean regional ballistic missile threat".

The US floated plans to send a Thaad system to Guam in 2009, but never followed through.

US officials recently also announced that the USS John McCain, a destroyer capable of intercepting missiles, had been positioned off the Korean peninsula.

Analysts have expressed concern that it is unclear exactly what Pyongyang hopes to achieve with its latest round of ramped-up rhetoric.

The BBC's Damian Grammaticas in Seoul says the North could be seeking to pressure Washington to open fresh talks.

US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said Washington was taking the threats seriously.

"As they have ratcheted up her bellicose, dangerous rhetoric, and some of the actions they've taken over the last few weeks present a real and clear danger," said Mr Hagel, in his first major speech since taking up his post.

Wednesday, April 3, 2013

Syrian helicopter fires rockets 'inside Lebanon'

A Syrian helicopter has crossed into Lebanon and fired two rockets near a town home to thousands of Syrian refugees, reports say.

No casualties or damage were reported after the incident on the outskirts of Arsal, which is close to Syria.

Syrian forces have previously fired mortars across the border and crossed into Lebanon to attack rebels.

Lebanon's president described an air attack last month as an unacceptable violation of Lebanese sovereignty.

The latest incident has further raised tension in an area where the divisive effect of the Syrian conflict has already been deeply felt, the BBC's Jim Muir reports from Beirut.

The UN estimates that at least 70,000 people have been killed in Syria since the uprising against President Bashar al-Assad began, just over two years ago.

Opposition activists say more than 6,000 people died in March alone which, if confirmed, would make it the deadliest month of the conflict.

'Helicopter and jet'

"A helicopter fired two rockets on Jubaneh al-Shmis on the outskirts of Arsal," a Lebanese security official told AFP news agency on condition of anonymity.

"The area lies several hundred metres [yards] away from a Lebanese army checkpoint."

Ahmad Fliti, deputy mayor of Arsal, told AFP that two rockets had fallen in a residential area but nobody had been hurt.

Witnesses quoted by Reuters news agency spoke of seeing both a helicopter and a jet, and said a rocket from the jet had hit a field.

Arsal, situated in an area where cross-border smuggling has long been a way of life, is largely sympathetic to the rebel cause, our correspondent reports.

Much of the surrounding area of the Lebanese Bekaa valley is largely populated by Shia Muslims whose biggest organisation, Hezbollah, backs the Syrian government.

Hezbollah fighters are also reported to have been active across the border, supporting Shia villages inside Syria against the mainly Sunni Muslim rebels, our correspondent adds.

In the March incident condemned by Lebanese President Michel Suleiman, Syrian aircraft reportedly fired four missiles at Syrian rebels inside Lebanon but nobody was hurt.

Australia opens national child abuse inquiry

A national inquiry into child sex abuse has opened in the Australian city of Melbourne, with more than 5,000 people expected to provide evidence of "abuse and consequential trauma".

PM Julia Gillard has warned that the commission will unearth "some very uncomfortable truths".

She said that its opening was an "important moral moment" for Australia.

The inquiry will look at religious groups, NGOs and state care providers as well as government agencies.

But commission officials have warned that it is unlikely to complete its task by the end of 2015 as requested.

They say that is because the scope of the inquiry is so large - in relation to the number of people testifying and the number of institutions who may be affected by the allegations.

The probe will look into institutional responses to the sexual abuse of children.

Its formation was announced by Ms Gillard in November following pressure from lawmakers amid police claims that the Roman Catholic Church had concealed evidence of paedophile priests.

The commission was formed after revelations emerged of child abusers being moved from place to place instead of their crimes being reported and investigated. There were also accusations that adults failed to stop further acts of abuse.

Notice served

Ms Gillard told ABC radio that she wanted the commission to provide a "moment of healing" for the survivors of child sexual abuse - "because for too long, so many of these survivors have just run into closed doors and closed minds".

"And second, I want the royal commission to provide for us recommendations about the future.

"We've let children down in the past as a country. We need to learn what we can do as a nation to better protect our children in the future."

Chairman Justice Peter McClellan said that the commission had already served notice to produce documents on the Roman Catholic church and the Salvation Army.

Correspondents say that the composition of the inquiry panel is unusual - it has six commissioners, enabling one or more to sit in private to hear victims' stories over the next five months. It is estimated that each victim will need at least an hour to tell his or her story.

Justice McClellan warned that the commission would be expensive and would "require the commitment of very significant sums of public money".

Abuse of children by Roman Catholic priests has been a major issue in Australia. There have been a series of convictions but also a series of alleged cover-ups.

In September, the Roman Catholic Church in Victoria state confirmed that more than 600 children had been sexually abused by its priests since the 1930s.

Similar allegations have emerged from New South Wales where the church has been accused of silencing victims, hindering police investigations, alerting offenders, destroying evidence and moving priests to protect them from prosecution.

During a visit to Australia in July 2008, Pope Benedict XVI met some of the victims and made a public apology for the abuse.

Obama proposes brain mapping project

US President Barack Obama has unveiled a new initiative to map the brain.

Speaking at the White House, he announced an initial $100m investment to shed light on how the brain works and provide insight into diseases such as Alzheimer's and epilepsy.

President Obama said initiatives like the Human Genome Project had transformed genetics; now he wants to do the same with the brain.

The project will be carried out by both public and private-sector scientists.

The project is called Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies - or BRAIN.

Mr Obama said: There is this enormous mystery waiting to be unlocked, and the BRAIN initiative will change that by giving scientists the tools they need to get a dynamic picture of the brain in action and better understand how we think and learn and remember. And that knowledge will be transformative."

Next frontier

The project will begin in 2014, and will involve the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa), and the National Science Foundation (NSF).

The $100m investment will be used to develop new technologies to investigate how the billions of individual cells in the human brain interact.

Scientists will also focus on how the brain records, stores and processes information, and investigate how brain function is linked to behaviour.

Mr Obama said that while our understanding of the brain was growing, there was still a long way to go.

"As humans we can identify galaxies light years away, we can study particles smaller than the atom, but we still haven't unlocked the mystery of the 3lb of matter that sits between our ears," he said.

The project will also involve partnerships with the private sector.

This includes the Allen Institute for Brain Science, which has committed to spending $60m annually on projects relating to the BRAIN initiative, and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, which has dedicated $28m.

An ethics committee will oversee the work.

Mr Obama said that it was worth investing in science, claiming that it would help to create new jobs and boost the economy.

He said that basic research was "a driver of growth".

"We can't afford to miss these opportunities while the rest of the world races ahead," he added.

The funding announcement comes after recent news of another push in neuroscience in Europe.

About 80 European research institutions and some from outside the EU will take part in the Human Brain Project, which is estimated to cost more than 1bn euros.

The project will use supercomputer-based models and simulations to reconstruct a virtual human brain to develop new treatments for neurological conditions.

MI6 and the death of Patrice Lumumba

A member of the House of Lords, Lord Lea, has written to the London Review of Books saying that shortly before she died, fellow peer and former MI6 officer Daphne Park told him Britain had been involved in the death of Patrice Lumumba, the elected leader of the Congo, in 1961.

When he asked her whether MI6 might have had something to do with it, he recalls her saying: "We did. I organised it."

During long interviews I conducted with her for the BBC and for a book that in part covered MI6 and the crisis in the Congo , she never made a similar direct admission and she has denied that there was a "licence to kill" for the British Secret Service.

But piecing together information suggests that while MI6 did not kill the politician directly, it is possible - but hard to prove definitively - that it could have had some kind of indirect role.

Daphne Park was the MI6 officer in the Congo at a crucial point in the country's history. She arrived just before the Congo received independence from Belgium in the middle of 1960.

'Elimination'

Congo's first elected prime minister was Patrice Lumumba who was immediately faced with a breakdown of order. There was an army revolt while secessionist groups from the mineral-rich province of Katanga made their move and Belgian paratroopers returned, supposedly to restore security.

Lumumba made a fateful step - he turned to the Soviet Union for help. This set off panic in London and Washington, who feared the Soviets would get a foothold in Africa much as they had done in Cuba.

In the White House, President Eisenhower held a National Security Council meeting in the summer of 1960 in which at one point he turned to his CIA director and used the word "eliminated" in terms of what he wanted done with Lumumba.

The CIA got to work. It came up with a series of plans - including snipers and poisoned toothpaste - to get rid of the Congolese leader. They were not carried out because the CIA man on the ground, Larry Devlin, said he was reluctant to see them through.

Murder was also on the mind of some in London. A Foreign Office official called Howard Smith wrote a memo outlining a number of options. "The first is the simple one of removing him from the scene by killing him," the civil servant (and later head of MI5) wrote of Lumumba, who was ousted from power but still considered a threat.

MI6 never had a formal "licence to kill". However, at various times killing has been put on the agenda - but normally at the behest of politicians rather than the spies.

Anthony Eden, prime minister at the time of Suez, had made it clear he wanted Nasser dead and more recently David Owen has said that as Foreign Secretary, he had a conversation with MI6 about killing Idi Amin in Uganda (neither of which came to anything).

But in January 1961, Lumumba was dead.

Did Britain and America actually kill him? Not directly. He went on the run, was captured and handed over by a new government to a secessionist group whom they knew would kill him.

The actual killing was done by fighters from the Congo along with Belgians- and with the almost certain connivance of the Belgian government who hated him even more than the American and the British.

Powerful enemies

The comments attributed to Daphne Park by Lord Lea are subtler than saying that Britain killed Lumumba.

Lord Lea claims Baroness Park told him that Britain had "organised" the killing. This is more possible.

Among the senior politicians in the Congo who made the decision to hand Lumumba over to those who eventually did kill him were two men with close connections to Western intelligence.

One of them was close to Larry Devlin and the CIA but the other was close to Daphne Park. She had actually rescued him from danger by smuggling him to freedom in the back of her small Citroen car when Lumumba's people had guessed he was in contact with her.

Do these contacts and relationships mean MI6 could have been complicit in some way in the death of Lumumba? It is possible that they knew about it and turned a blind eye, allowed it to happen or even actively encouraged it - what we would now call "complicity" - as well as the other possibility of having known nothing.

The killing would have almost certainly happened anyway because so many powerful people and countries wanted Lumumba dead.

Whitehall sources describe the claims of MI6 involvement as "speculative". But with Daphne Park dying in March 2010 and the MI6 files resolutely closed, the final answer on Britain's role may remain elusive

Ukraine profile

Mr Yanukovych was declared the winner of the second round of voting in the 2010 presidential election, with a 3.48% lead over Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko.

His inauguration as president marked the climax of Viktor Yanukovych's political comeback. First, he overcame the disgrace of the 2004/05 presidential defeat and retained the leadership of the Party of the Regions, leading it back into power as prime minister in 2006-2007.

He narrowly lost the 2007 parliamentary elections, but benefited from discord between President Yushchenko and Mrs Tymoshenko and went on to capitalise on discontent over the government's failure to cope with the global economic crisis after 2008.

Born into a poor family in Donetsk Region, eastern Ukraine's industrial powerhouse, in 1950, Mr Yanukovych had a troubled childhood and was twice jailed for violent crimes in his youth. On release he went to work in the local transport industry, where he rose through the ranks of management under the patronage of cosmonaut and local Soviet MP Georgi Beregovoi.

He established a political power base in the Donetsk Region administration, becoming governor in 1997 and later head of the council. There he built close ties to local tycoon Rinat Akhmetov.

President Kuchma appointed him prime minister in 2002, and nominated him as presidential candidate for the governing coalition of political and business interests in 2004.

Mr Yanukovych has worked hard to distance himself from the scandals of the pre-2004 period and from accusations of being Russia's placeman. He says that his aim is to balance relations between Russia and the European Union, with EU integration as a "strategic aim".

However, his first two years in office have seen extensive concessions to Russia, such as extending the Russian lease on the Black Sea Fleet base in Crimea, and moves to restrict media freedom.

His government regularly earns criticism from the United States, European Union and international rights groups over the imprisonment of Mrs Tymoshenko and other opposition politicians and the alleged rigging of the 2012 parliamentary elections.

Prime minister (acting): Mykola Azarov

Mykola Azarov is a loyal deputy of President Yanukovych
Mykola Azarov, an ethnic Russian born in Russia, is a close associate of President Yanukovych and succeeded him as head of the Party of Regions in 2010. After the government of Mr Yanukovych's chief rival, Yuliya Tymoshenko, fell in a vote of confidence in March 2010, Mr Azarov formed a coalition with the Communists and the centrist Lytvyn Bloc.

Mr Azarov was head of the tax administration in 1996-2002, and his term as finance minister during Mr Yanukovych's subsequent premiership oversaw dramatic economic growth.

He was briefly acting prime minister during the presidential election crisis of 2004-2005, and resumed the post of finance minister during the Yanukovych government of 2006-2007.

A mining specialist, Mr Azarov is a technocrat with neither a political base nor ambitions of his own. His poor command of Ukrainian is often highlighted by his opponents, who see him as a symbol of Mr Yanukovych's alleged pro-Russian orientation.

His two years in office since 2010 have seen Ukraine's economy stagnate. Mr Azarov has refused of cut expensive gas subsidies, which the IMF says are a block on any further loans. Negotiations with Russia on the price of gas have stalled, plans to diversify Ukraine's sources of imported fuel have gone nowhere, and political tensions with the European Union have prevented progress on a free-trade agreement.

Mr Azarov was elected to parliament in October 2012, along with a number of other ministers, and is required by law to resign his post before taking up his seat as MP. President Yanukovych accepted the resignation of the entire government in December, and reappointed it on an acting basis. The president could reappoint Mr Azarov, or else take the opportunity to form a new government better equipped to pull the country out of a looming recession.

Joss Stone death plot: Junior Bradshaw and Kevin Liverpool convicted.

Two men have been convicted of plotting to kill singer Joss Stone.

Junior Bradshaw, 32, and Kevin Liverpool, 35, both from Longsight, Manchester, were found guilty of planning to rob and murder the 25-year-old at her home in Devon.

Both had travelled to the county in June 2011 armed with weapons and notes detailing their plans to behead her.

Liverpool was jailed for life with a minimum term of 10 years and eight months at Exeter Crown Court.

Judge Francis Gilbert QC told him: "It was your scheme.

"This may have been the crazy scheme of a crazy person... but it was a very real plan."

The sentencing of Bradshaw has been adjourned for psychiatric reports.

The jury took just over four hours to reach unanimous verdicts on charges of conspiracy to murder and conspiracy to rob.

Joss Stone was at home at the time
Speaking outside court, Joss Stone's mother Wendy Joseph said: "Joss would like to thank everyone for their support and all their good wishes.

"The whole family is relieved the trial is over and these men are no longer in a position to cause harm to anyone."

Hybrid sentence

Supt Steve Parker, Devon and Cornwall Police's senior investigating officer on the case, said: "I've got no doubt that Liverpool and Bradshaw intended to harm Miss Stone and that without the vigilance of the public and the good work of our officers, they represented a serious threat to her."

The men, both of St Stephen's Close in Longsight, set off from Manchester in the early hours of 13 June.

Their Fiat Punto was laden with weapons including a samurai sword, hammers and knives.

When they arrived in East Devon they drove around for several hours attempting to find Miss Stone's house, stopping to ask a postman for directions when they got lost.

The singer, who grew up in the area, was at home at the time.

They were eventually reported to police by suspicious residents in Cullompton.

When officers examined the car and found it full of weapons they were arrested and later charged.

Weapons including a Samurai sword were found in the car
Supt Parker said: "I am aware that as a result of this incident [Joss Stone] has reviewed her security arrangements, but I am sure she will continue to be a prominent and popular member of her local community."

During the trial, the prosecution said notes written by Liverpool showed the accused wanted to behead Ms Stone and dump her body in the river because of her links to the Royal Family.

Miss Stone was a guest at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.

During sentencing, Judge Gilbert told Liverpool: "It is clear from your text messages on your phone that from as early as November 2010 you had been planning to rob someone of what you hoped would be in excess of £1 million.

"By January 2011... you had identified Joss Stone as the target.

"You had no reason to target her except that she was a wealthy young woman as she was a successful singer.

The men planned to rob Joss Stone's home
"You assumed that as she was a friend of the Royal Family she would be able to give you money of that sort of amount."

The judge said Liverpool, whom he branded as "dangerous", had recruited Bradshaw into his plot.

He said he was considering passing a hybrid sentence on Bradshaw, involving a custodial term which would most likely be served in a secure psychiatric unit.

During the trial the jury was told that Bradshaw suffered from disorganized schizophrenia.

Giving evidence he said he had never heard of Joss Stone until his arrest and thought he was just on a day out with his friend.